Sources & References

Edaphia References

Sources & References

Edaphia combines regional planting guidance, horticultural references, extension publications, and practical garden-planning logic to help gardeners make better seasonal decisions.

How Edaphia Uses Data

Guidance, not guarantees

Planting windows and growing recommendations are compiled from multiple horticultural and regional gardening sources, then adapted for use in this garden planner.

Local weather, microclimate, soil conditions, pest pressure, irrigation, and variety selection may shift actual planting dates and care needs.

Edaphia is intended as a planning aid. Gardeners should always adjust recommendations based on their own location, experience, and current growing conditions.

Current References

Data sources used by Edaphia

These references support planting windows, crop details, variety notes, zone context, and future garden-planning features.

website

Alternaria leaf spot of brassicas guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Angular leaf spot of cucurbits guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Anthracnose of vegetables guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Aphids guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Apple maggot guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Apple scab guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Asparagus beetle guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Aster yellows guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Bacterial soft rot guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Bacterial speck of tomato guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Bacterial wilt of cucurbits guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Birds (seed and fruit feeders) guidance — USDA APHIS Wildlife Services

USDA APHIS Wildlife Services

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Black knot of plum and cherry guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Black rot of crucifers guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Brown marmorated stink bug guidance — USDA NIFA / StopBMSB

USDA NIFA / StopBMSB

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Brown rot of stone fruit guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Cabbage looper guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Cabbage maggot guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Cedar-apple rust guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Cercospora leaf spot guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Choanephora wet rot guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Clubroot of brassicas guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Codling moth guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Colorado potato beetle guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Common bacterial blight of beans guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Common bean rust guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Companion Planting & Botanical Pesticides: Concepts and Resources

NCAT / ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture

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Broader sustainable-agriculture companion planting resource. Use for background concepts and further reading rather than precise Louisiana planting instructions.

website

Companion Planting in Home Gardens

University of Minnesota Extension

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General home-garden companion planting source for space use, beneficial arrangements, vegetables, flowers, and practical garden planning.

website

Corn earworm / tomato fruitworm guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Corn smut guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Cottontail rabbits guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Creating a Biodiverse Vegetable Garden

University of Vermont Extension

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Useful for pollinator, biodiversity, flowers, herbs, and beneficial-insect framing around vegetable gardens.

website

Cutworms guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Diamondback moth guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Downy mildew guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Early blight of tomato and potato guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Fire blight guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Flea beetles guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Florida Vegetable Gardening Guide

University of Florida IFAS Extension

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Comprehensive Florida vegetable gardening guide with crop recommendations and planting schedules for north, central, and south Florida. Used as supporting evidence for crop suitability in USDA Zones 10a through 11b. Exact timing varies by local Florida planting region and seasonal conditions.

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Frost Date Calculator

Garden Truth

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Secondary frost-date and garden-planning reference providing estimated last spring frost, first fall frost, frost-free growing season, seed-starting dates, transplant timing, and suggested planting windows based on a selected U.S. state and optional USDA hardiness zone. The page cites USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map data and National Weather Service frost and freeze guidance. Treat results as historical estimates rather than forecasts, and prioritize ZIP-level climate data

website

Fungus gnats guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Fusarium wilt guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Gardening with Companion Plants: Home Garden Series

Washington State University Extension

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Use for scientifically cautious companion planting framing, integrated pest management language, and avoiding unsupported magic-companion claims.

spreadsheet

GardeningByZone — Free Planting Calendar by ZIP Code

EPM Labs, LLC

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Secondary gardening reference providing ZIP-code and USDA-zone-specific planting calendars for vegetables, herbs, and flowers. Includes recommended dates for starting seeds indoors, transplanting outdoors, and direct sowing based on average spring and fall frost dates. Use as a supporting comparison source; prioritize Louisiana-specific Cooperative Extension guidance when recommendations differ.

website

Gray mold / Botrytis rot guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Groundhog / woodchuck guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Gummy stem blight / black rot of cucurbits guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Harlequin bug guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Herbs Make Good Plant Partners and Companions

Penn State Extension

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Useful for herb companion/support plant guidance, especially herbs near vegetables, pest pressure, and beneficial insect framing.

pdf

Home Gardening in Hawaii

University of Hawaiʻi College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

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Detailed home vegetable gardening publication for tropical Hawaiʻi conditions. Identifies consistently successful crops, crops best limited to cool periods or higher elevations, and crops challenged by heat, pests, disease, or lack of winter dormancy. Used for general suitability guidance in USDA Zones 12a through 13b.

website

Imported cabbageworm guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Japanese beetle guidance — USDA APHIS

USDA APHIS

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Late blight of tomato and potato guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

pdf

Louisiana Vegetable Planting Guide

LSU AgCenter

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Initial public crop and planting-window source for Louisiana gardening app.

website

Mexican bean beetle guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

pdf

Mississippi Vegetable Gardener's Guide

Mississippi State University Extension Service

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Comprehensive Mississippi home vegetable gardening guide, revised in 2025. Includes garden planning, crop selection, planting dates, cultural guidance, pest management, and harvest information. Useful as supporting evidence for warm-climate crop suitability and planting guidance across Mississippi planting regions and USDA Zones 7 through 9.

website

Onion maggot guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

pdf

OSU Ohio Gardening Calendar

Ohio State University Extension

Visit Source

website

Peach leaf curl guidance — Penn State Extension

Penn State Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Phytophthora blight and root rot guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Planning a Garden

Clemson Cooperative Extension

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South Carolina home vegetable garden planning guide with regional planting charts for cool- and warm-season crops. Includes spring and fall planting periods and distinguishes planting recommendations among South Carolina gardening regions. Useful for confirming crop suitability and seasonal limitations in USDA Zones 7 through 9.

website

Planting Guide for Home Gardening in Alabama

Alabama Cooperative Extension System

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Research-based home vegetable gardening guide for Alabama. Includes recommended planting periods, adapted varieties, site preparation, fertilization, and pest-management guidance. Useful as supporting evidence for warm-temperate USDA zones, especially Zones 7 through 9. Regional planting dates should still be adjusted for local frost conditions.

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Planting the Vegetable Garden

University of Minnesota Extension

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website

Plantwise - Free Planting Calendars for Every USDA Zone

Plantwise

Visit Source

Secondary gardening reference providing zone-based planting calendars, seed-starting schedules, frost-date guidance, crop growing requirements, and companion-planting information. PlantWise states that its data is compiled from USDA hardiness-zone information, NOAA Climate Normals, and Cooperative Extension sources. Use as a supporting comparison source; prioritize Louisiana-specific Extension guidance when local recommendations differ.

website

Plum curculio guidance — University of Kentucky Extension

University of Kentucky Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Powdery mildew guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Recommended Variety List for Southcentral Alaska

University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service

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Research-based variety and crop guidance for Alaska's short, cool growing season and cold soils. Identifies cool-season vegetables that thrive, warm-season vegetables that struggle in unprotected gardens, and crops that benefit from high tunnels, low tunnels, greenhouse cover, or clear polyethylene. Used conservatively for general crop suitability in USDA Zones 1a through 3b.

website

Root-knot nematodes guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Seedling damping-off guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Septoria leaf spot guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Slugs and snails guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Spotted cucumber beetle guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Spotted wing drosophila guidance — USDA NIFA / SWD IPM

USDA NIFA / SWD IPM

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Squash bug guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Squash vine borer guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

The Old Farmer’s Almanac — Gardening and Planting Guides

The Old Farmer’s Almanac

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Established secondary gardening reference offering ZIP-code-based planting calendars, local frost-date estimates, vegetable and herb growing guides, seed-starting and transplant schedules, seasonal gardening advice, and general crop-care information. Its planting calendar recommends dates based on the user’s location and local frost dates. Use as a supporting reference for planting-window comparison and general cultivation guidance; prioritize current Cooperative Extension recommendations and Edaphia’s normalized regional records when local guidance differs.

website

The Spruce: Best Companion Plants for Pole Beans

The Spruce is part of the People Inc. publishing family

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website

Thrips guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

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Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Title: Vegetable Planting Calendar

University of Missouri Extension

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website

Tomato and tobacco hornworms guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Tomato spotted wilt guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Two-spotted spider mite guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

spreadsheet

United States ZIP Codes Database

SimpleMaps

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Nationwide ZIP-code dataset used to enrich Edaphia USDA ZIP records with city, state code, and state name. Imported fields include zip, city, state_id, and state_name. The import does not replace USDA hardiness-zone data or Edaphia planting-region assignments.

The free database requires a visible public backlink to the SimpleMaps US ZIP Codes Database page.

other

USDA PLANTS Database

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Authoritative federal plant database providing standardized scientific and common names, taxonomic classifications, plant symbols, native and introduced status, geographic distribution, plant characteristics, crop information, images, references, and species-specific fact sheets and plant guides. Useful for verifying crop identities, scientific names, aliases, plant families, growth habits, native status, and U.S. distribution. The database covers vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens found in the United States and its territories. It is not primarily a vegetable planting-calendar source, so planting dates and regional cultivation recommendations should be obtained from Cooperative Extension or other climate-specific references.

pdf

Vegetable Garden Calendar

University of Georgia Cooperative Extension

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Month-by-month vegetable gardening calendar for Georgia. Published dates are centered on middle Georgia, with instructions to move spring dates two to three weeks earlier and fall dates up to two weeks later in extreme south Georgia. Useful for supporting crop and seasonal suitability across warm-temperate USDA Zones 7 through 9.

website

Vegetable leafminers guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Verticillium wilt guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Voles guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

White mold / Sclerotinia rot guidance — University of Minnesota Extension

University of Minnesota Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

White-tailed deer guidance — USDA APHIS Wildlife Services

USDA APHIS Wildlife Services

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Whiteflies guidance — USDA NRCS

USDA NRCS

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

website

Wireworms guidance — University of Maryland Extension

University of Maryland Extension

Visit Source

Research-based source imported with the national garden problem starter library.

Planning Disclaimer

Planting windows are estimates. A crop that appears in a calendar window may still need adjustment based on rainfall, heat, frost risk, drainage, sunlight, disease pressure, and the specific variety being planted.