Calendula

White fungal growth reduces photosynthesis; leaves may yellow, distort, brown, and die early, weakening plants and reducing fruit quality.

Favored By

Warm days, cool nights, high humidity, crowded growth, shade, and dry foliage; unlike many diseases, free water is not required.

What It Looks Like

White to gray powdery patches on either leaf surface, stems, petioles, or buds; patches enlarge and may cover whole leaves.

Prevention

Choose resistant cultivars; provide full sun and airflow; space and prune plants; avoid excess nitrogen; remove infected residue.

Management

Remove badly affected leaves early; apply horticultural oil, sulfur, potassium bicarbonate, or another fungicide labeled for the crop before disease is severe. Do not apply oils and sulfur close together.

Seeds rot before emergence or young seedlings collapse, producing thin stands and sudden losses in flats or garden rows.

Favored By

Cold or waterlogged soil, contaminated mix or containers, poor drainage, deep sowing, dense seedlings, low light, and overwatering.

What It Looks Like

Pre-emergence seeds become soft and brown; emerged seedlings develop a water-soaked or pinched stem at the soil line and topple.

Prevention

Use sterile seed-starting mix and clean containers; sow at the proper depth; provide warmth, drainage, light, and airflow; avoid crowding and overwatering.

Management

Discard affected seedlings and nearby mix; reduce watering; improve light and airflow. Fungicides have limited value after collapse and must be specifically labeled.

Blossoms, leaves, stems, and fruit rot; infections often enter through flowers, wounds, or dying tissue and can spread in storage.

Favored By

Cool to moderate humid weather, prolonged leaf wetness, crowding, poor airflow, dead blossoms, overripe fruit, and plant wounds.

What It Looks Like

Soft tan-to-brown rot covered by fuzzy gray spores; infected blossoms collapse and stems may develop pale cankers.

Prevention

Space and prune plants; ventilate protected growing areas; use drip irrigation; remove dead flowers and damaged tissue; harvest before fruit becomes overripe.

Management

Remove and discard infected tissue without shaking spores; lower humidity; sanitize harvest containers; use a labeled fungicide only when timed preventively.

The pathogen girdles stems at the soil line and rots crowns and roots, causing sudden wilt and plant collapse across a wide host range.

Favored By

Hot, humid weather, moist soil, dense mulch or debris against stems, poor airflow, and repeated susceptible crops.

What It Looks Like

White fanlike fungal growth at the stem base and nearby soil, followed by numerous mustard-seed-like tan to brown sclerotia.

Prevention

Rotate with nonhosts such as corn or other grasses; improve drainage; keep mulch away from crowns; remove debris; avoid moving contaminated soil.

Management

Remove plants plus surrounding soil before sclerotia spread; deep burial may help in tilled areas; soil solarization can reduce survival in hot regions.

Systemic viruses stunt plants, distort leaves and fruit, reduce yield, and persist for the plant's life.

Favored By

Aphids or other vectors, infected transplants or seed for some viruses, nearby weeds, continuous host plants, and mechanical sap transmission.

What It Looks Like

Light- and dark-green mosaic, yellow mottling, rings, shoestring or curled leaves, stunting, and bumpy or color-broken fruit; symptoms vary by virus and crop.

Prevention

Use virus-free seed and transplants; plant resistant cultivars; control weeds; use reflective mulch where practical; sanitize hands and tools.

Management

Remove symptomatic plants promptly; manage vectors early but recognize insecticides may not stop rapidly transmitted viruses. No treatment cures an infected plant.

Phytoplasmas disrupt growth in carrots, lettuce, herbs, flowers, and many weeds, producing stunting, sterility, and poor-quality roots or heads.

Favored By

Aster leafhopper transmission, abundant weed hosts, warm weather that supports vectors, and overlapping susceptible crops.

What It Looks Like

Yellowed upright shoots, excessive branching or witches'-brooms, distorted green flowers, stunted roots, and orange or purple discoloration in carrots.

Prevention

Control broadleaf weeds; remove volunteer hosts; use row cover on vulnerable crops before leafhopper arrival; monitor regional leafhopper activity.

Management

Pull and discard infected plants promptly so leafhoppers cannot acquire the pathogen; manage leafhoppers when local thresholds and guidance justify treatment.

Sap-feeding colonies distort tender growth, cause yellowing and sticky honeydew, and may transmit plant viruses.

Favored By

Soft new growth, excess nitrogen, sheltered plants, and warm moderate weather.

What It Looks Like

Tiny (about 1/16–1/8 in), soft, pear-shaped insects; green, black, yellow, gray, or pink; two tailpipe-like cornicles.

Prevention

Avoid excess nitrogen; inspect leaf undersides; conserve lady beetles, lacewings, hoverflies, and parasitoid wasps; control ants that protect aphids.

Management

Knock off with water; prune badly infested tips; use insecticidal soap or horticultural oil with thorough contact coverage. Repeat only as label directs.

Rasping-sucking feeding scars leaves, buds, flowers, and fruit; some species transmit viruses.

Favored By

Hot, dry weather; flowers and tender growth; weeds and plant debris; stressed plants.

What It Looks Like

Very slender, usually 1/25–1/8 in, yellow, tan, brown, or black; adults have narrow fringed wings.

Prevention

Start with clean plants; remove weeds and spent blossoms; keep plants evenly watered; conserve minute pirate bugs and other predators.

Management

Dislodge with water; remove heavily damaged tissue; use insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, or spinosad where labeled, timed to susceptible stages.

Mites remove cell contents, causing pale stippling, bronzing, leaf drop, and fine webbing during heavy infestations.

Favored By

Hot, dry, dusty conditions; drought-stressed plants; excess nitrogen; loss of predatory mites from broad-spectrum sprays.

What It Looks Like

Minute, eight-legged mites, yellow-green to reddish, usually with two dark body spots; eggs are round; fine webbing may be visible.

Prevention

Reduce dust; water plants adequately; inspect leaf undersides; avoid unnecessary broad-spectrum insecticides; isolate infested transplants.

Management

Hose leaf undersides; remove badly infested leaves; use insecticidal soap or horticultural oil. Ensure contact and repeat per label because eggs survive.

Night-feeding caterpillars sever seedlings at soil level; climbing species also feed on foliage and fruit.

Favored By

Weedy ground, plant residue, green manure, and recently converted sod; small transplants are most vulnerable.

What It Looks Like

Smooth, stout, gray, brown, green, or black caterpillars, often striped or spotted; curl into a C when disturbed.

Prevention

Remove weeds and residue before planting; till before planting and in fall; use compost rather than fresh green manure; place collars around transplants.

Management

Search soil near damaged plants at dusk and handpick; treat small larvae with a labeled biological or insecticide only when damage is active.

Adults skeletonize leaves and eat flowers and fruit; larvae are white grubs that feed on turf roots.

Favored By

Sunny irrigated turf, moist soil during egg laying, and abundant favored ornamentals or fruit crops.

What It Looks Like

Metallic green adult about 3/8 in with coppery wing covers and white hair tufts along abdomen; larvae are C-shaped white grubs.

Prevention

Choose less-preferred plants; reduce unnecessary midsummer lawn irrigation; remove attractive, damaged fruit; do not use beetle traps near valued plants.

Management

Handpick into soapy water in early morning; protect high-value plants with netting; use labeled products carefully and avoid spraying open flowers.

They rasp irregular holes in leaves, stems, seedlings, and low fruit and leave silvery slime trails.

Favored By

Moist shade, dense mulch, weeds, boards, stones, and frequent evening irrigation.

What It Looks Like

Soft-bodied mollusks; snails carry shells while slugs do not; active mostly at night or during wet weather.

Prevention

Water in morning; improve airflow and drainage; remove hiding places and weeds; keep mulch away from seedling stems; use barriers where practical.

Management

Handpick at night; use board traps; apply iron phosphate bait according to label and protect it from children, pets, and wildlife.

Larvae feed on fungi and fine roots in seed-starting mix, weakening seedlings; adults are mostly a nuisance.

Favored By

Continuously wet organic potting media, algae, decaying roots, and poor drainage.

What It Looks Like

Tiny dark mosquito-like flies; larvae are clear-white with shiny black heads and live in the top layer of moist mix.

Prevention

Allow the surface to dry between watering; improve drainage and airflow; use clean pasteurized media; remove algae and dead tissue.

Management

Use yellow sticky cards for adults; apply Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis as a soil drench according to label; beneficial nematodes may suppress larvae.

Clip seedlings and tender stems, browse leafy greens and beans, and gnaw bark in winter.

Favored By

Dense cover, brush piles, fence gaps, drought, and abundant tender vegetation.

What It Looks Like

Small mammal with long ears and short white tail; leaves round pellets and clean, angled cuts close to the ground.

Prevention

Use 1-in poultry mesh at least 2 ft high with bottom buried 3–6 in; remove nearby cover; use trunk guards.

Management

Exclude and protect individual beds; use repellents labeled for edible crops; trapping or lethal control is regulated and should follow local law.

Pull seedlings, eat newly sown seed, peck ripening fruit, and damage corn or berries.

Favored By

Visible seed, ripening fruit, nearby roosts, and unprotected beds or small fruit plantings.

What It Looks Like

Species vary; identify by tracks, droppings, peck marks, missing seed, and time of activity.

Prevention

Use secured bird netting with openings that cannot entangle wildlife; row cover seedlings; reflective or moving deterrents work best when varied.

Management

Exclude during the vulnerable period; harvest promptly; avoid toxic baits. Federal and state protections apply to many bird species.